Monday, February 29, 2012

Exam Review

1TA office hours¶

• Drew: Thursday, March 1: 13:00-15:00

1.1exam info¶

• 12 pages, essay, several short essay/short answer, T&F, multiple choice

1.2lecture topics¶

1.2.1Dr Heuann's 3 lectures¶

1.2.2Ice Age Theory¶

• Must understand order in which people came
• Louis Agasiz: first to put weight, not first to have theory
• Replaced in part about Lyell's ice age theory (doesn't explain erratic boulders)
• Big 3: Agassiz, Buckland, Charles Lyell
• other 4: know most about Charpentier

1.2.2.1Ice rafted boulders¶

1.2.2.2erratic boulders (which is which, and why, and the definition)¶

1.2.2.3striated rocks: define¶

1.2.2.4polished rocks: created through sand, water, pebbles¶

1.2.2.5moraines: buckland showed to lyell's¶

• know the types of moraines
• 4 kinds, all evidence
• need to know names and other types of evidence

1.2.3Astronomical Theory¶

1.2.4Climate and Enviromental Change as a result of the Last Ice Age¶

2other stuff to know¶

• what is ice age theory? states simply that in the past glaciers and ice sheets occupied a larger geographic area than they do presently
• during last glacial maximum, 1/3 of earth was covered in ice sheets
• eccentricity (100k-400k), obliquity (20-23 degree tilt): 41k yrs, affects intensity of seasons, precession: timing of the seasons (21k yrs)
• parahelion (closest to sun) and aphelion (farthest from sun)

2.1astronomical theory players¶

• big 3: adamar, croll, milankovitch
• adamar: precession, but he had eccentricty as a constant
• croll made that correction
• milankovitch: all 3 astronomical theory
• croll came up w/positive feedback
• milankovitch: mild summers

3magnetic date¶

• dating pleistocene magnetic reversals (potassium argon dating on either side of sediment cores)

4loess¶

• braided river systems from glaciers carried sediment. rivers would dry up. then wind would blow it.
• loess is indication that glaciers had been there

5land forms¶

• esker, kettle lakes, great lakes, drumlin, recessional moraine, terminal moraine
• arete, horn, terminal moraine, cirque, laterla moraine, glacial/cirque lakes, hanging valley/fall
• eustacy (global change in sea level) and isostocy (local lift)
• watch that 2 min video about ice dams

6human migration¶

• global sea level dropped by 350 ft, ice bridge from russia to america
• refugia: area that did not get covered in ice. surrouded by ice. lots of plants+animals lived until ice melted, then migrated/spread
• younger dryas: cold snap - influx of fresh water into atlantic, 11,000 yrs ago, stopped thermohaline circulation, lasted 1,200 yrs

73 potential reasons why mammoths went extinct¶

• 1) ice ages came to end
• 2) disease
• 3) clovus point
• megaphonal - big animals

8centers of domenstication¶

• define domestication
• are the centers because of the climate

9medival warm period¶

• 900-1300

10little ice age¶

• 1350-1550
• coldest period: maunder minimum 1645-1715

11southwest US - anasazi¶

• got cooler during warm period, less rain, crop failures, over population... a time of drought
• lived for 1000 yrs in SW

12viking expansion (extremely important)¶

• iceland settled 864, was not settled during warm period
• in 985, eric the red, got kicked outta iceland for killing someone. he sailed west into greenland.
• he named it greenland to make it sound favorable
• after 15 yrs, his son, leif, sailed westward, semiperminant residency
• sucessful cuz: 1) amazing ships, 2) weather, climate was mild and predictable (key point, predictable)
• burned/cut down forest on iceland
• lifestyle of animal husbandry, requirement for grain (when eric first settled, he grew barley, grain)
• at end, no ships from norway, iceland, impossible to cross
• church would take payment in any form from vikings
• vikings were unable to adapt as fully as the inuits (christian belief)
• animals eating grass caused environmental degradation
• settlement in newfoundland - erics son leif

13lil ice age: frozen rivers¶

• part of hudson river mahattan to long island, frost fairs (over 200 yrs), george washington crossed delaware river - element of surprise

14lil ice age: wars¶

• napolean: 130k from russia to france, all froze to death in september (key point: september), only 4k made it back
• spanish armada: spanish hadta go around north sea, hit by gales
• french revolution: grain crops failed: church: potato was a sin, king: I eat potatoes

15diversification of agricultural crops¶

• established first farming economy

16stradivarius violin¶

• 3 reasons: 1) varnish, 2) geometry, 3) wood density

17beer¶

• 1300s, making wine in england
• lil ice age, lattitude of grape growing shifted 300 miles

18famine and disease¶

• cereal stopped growing, ...
• breeding ground for plague

19witches¶

• blamed for the bad weather
• pope decreed this
• 50k burned

20volcanoes¶

• short term effect
• only if large enough to send sulfur to stratosphere, where it then circulates around the globe
• vei - volcanic explosive index
• karkatau (1883): loudest sound, and affected global climate for at least 5 yrs
• loci volcano affected northern hemisphere not southern hemisphere, cuz it was located in northern point of the globe

21iceland¶

• populaiton not stable until after WW2
• big dip in population due to loci - the volcano